Analysis of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Investigation of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild - Essay Example These benefits incorporate a caring family, a higher education, a vehicle that he venerated just as cash worth $25,000 in his investment account (Krakauer 6). This prods the inquiry regarding why and how might such a youngster shut all contact with his folks and family, desert his vehicle, give out the entirety of his cash, and leave to go through the following two years as a desolate and destitute stray. Preceding this distinction, Chris forsakes them, and wanders into the obscure world to search for the uncommon brave existence without completely arranging and planning for it. This paper will explicitly diagram how the youngster bearing the name Chris McCandless related with nature during his undertakings particularly in the wild and how the nature rewarded him back. Chris' McCandless relationship with nature as introduced in the film Alaska has for quite some time been a magnet that draws in visionaries and loners, and individuals who believe that their hopeless deficiencies will be fixed up by wild experience. Chris encountered a similar dream since he accepted that the wild was the best goal. McCandless considered the to be as a spot liberated from present day society and its disasters just as a cleaner state where he could discover his character, and be totally free (Krakauer 13). In any case, it isn't correct that the genuine experience of everyday living in the wild is as genuine as Chris and others like him to envision. The falsity of the wild capers is appeared by Chris’s relationship with nature, which ended up being eccentric on the grounds that at one time the nature appeared to be exceptionally mitigating while at different occasions a similar nature was remorseless. In the start of his experience, nature pulled in McCandless with uncommon unwinding when he went over normal warm pools on the Alaskan Highway. Chris washed in the alleviating water and rested in this specific goal as he considered his best course of action (Krakauer 27). On th e third day, nature gave Chris the sudden by offering him a companion named Alex who also was pulled in by the pool that had become Chris’s ally for the couple of days that Chris had stayed in the pool close to the expressway. Notwithstanding, nature’s reality started to chomp as McCandless invested a great deal of energy attempting to discover food to keep his spirit alive with the goal that he had the opportunity to intentionally value the wild and its experiences as foreseen previously. The absence of food portrays itself through his composed diary which comprises of arrangements of the food that he found and ate each day. For a time of about a month and a half, Chris ate consistently on tidy grouse, squirrel, duck, goose, and porcupine. He made due by destiny since he needed to attempt all way to chase so as to get food, and the chasing task in itself was a repetitive encounter that depleted Chris (Krakauer 86). Preceding food and chasing, nature didn't offer Chris the ideal fulfillment since he strolled for in excess of 500 miles towards the tidewater, however later reexamined his arrangements and returned to where he had recognized the transport and settled there. Shockingly, Chris’s settlement was not for long on the grounds that half a month later, he adjusted his perspective and chose to go somewhere else. Be that as it may, the unpredicted nature was grinding away again and Chris’s venture was stopped by the overwhelmed stream (Krakauer 245). He was a frail swimmer and everything he could do was turn around to his sub-par condition, and reluctantly Chris needed to obey nature by turning around to his transport that had become his home. The motivation behind why Chris appears to be disappointed with nature is on the grounds that he

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH Essay

THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH - Essay Example Universal exchange is advanced through fitting techniques and exacting perception of the exchange designs. This article tries to talk about the effect of worldwide exchange on the monetary development. As per an examination by the OECD in 2003, the flexibility of universal exchange was seen as huge. Results from 73 low and center salary nations in creating economies demonstrated that there is a solid connection between's worldwide exchange and monetary development (Peacock 2013). Internal creating economies will in general develop at a more slow rate contrasted with outward-situated creating economies. Normal development rate is fundamentally higher after the advancement of exchange than the period before the progression. Global exchange including imports of quick products prompts dispersion of innovation in an economy (Berdell 2002). The greater part of the examinations will in general help the beneficial outcomes of worldwide exchange on monetary development. The static effects of the global exchange allude to the improvement in the social government assistance with a fixed asset gracefully. Opening up the worldwide market offers the opportunity of exchanging at global costs (Peacock 2013). Residential shoppers can purchase less expensive imported merchandise. Simultaneously, makers get the opportunity to send out products to different markets at higher outside business sectors. The near bit of leeway in the universal exchange prompts specialization and improved quality conveyance. This has caused an addition in the social government assistance and yield. Another effect of universal exchange on economy is the dynamic increase. This is the adjustment in the structure of creation that can be credited to selection of new innovations (Peacock 2013). This has additionally prompted expanded sizes of creation. Development of creation through universal exchange prompts financial matters of scale and are for the most part dependent on the relative preferred position. There has been extension underway which is a reaction to the requests in the worldwide market (Berg and Lewer 2007). This extension has prompted a decline in the expense of creation and amassing of capital (Berdell 2002). This has had a general impact of expanding work levels. Universal exchange has been known for its help in the innovative overflows among the economies in question. This has supported profitability. Worldwide exchange transmits information into global market. A widely acclaimed financial specialist, Paul Krugman, through an article in The New York Times proposed that serious cheapening during the 1930s was not quite the same as the cutting edge of cash wars and global exchange strategies. A few nations were subject to the best quality level at that point. In the cutting edge monetary arrangements, common intercessions are difficult to achieve. Previously, gold was worth more than the local monetary standards. The customary liberal-advertise mediations are believed t o have no impact. Cash mediations are seen to achieve practically nothing. This has made significant economies get enticed to degrade their economies by printing more cash. Worldwide exchange influences financial development. As per Paul Krugman, universal financial approaches influence the motivations offered by the national banks which thus influence monetary development. As indicated by market analyst Milton Friedman, the most satisfactory proportion of the monetary approach is their financial impact and not loan costs. Milton accepted that baseless government intercession was unwanted in

Freshman Year Friendships

Freshman Year Friendships Maybe its the 50 degree weather in Champaign, maybe its because the Fighting Illini mens basketball team is tied for first place in the Big Ten Conference, or maybe its because graduation is only three months away, but I am feeling incredibly proud to be an Illini today. I feel right at home. And with such a positive outlook comes what could be my most raw and honest advice yet. You see, this past weekend I attended an Illinois Leadership i-Program called Insight (more on this later, I promise!), and at my table sat three freshmenâ€"three individuals with such uncertainty, excitement, and success ahead. And they dont even know it yet. Photo from Rachel Hernandez After hours of small talk and scripted conversation, one asked me my best piece of advice. I, of course, laughed and told him to check out my blog. He then asked if I found all of my best friends during my freshman year, the way movies say you should. I laughed at that, too. Photo from Rachel Hernandez The truth is that I was pretty lost my freshman year. I was unsure of who I wanted to be and unsure of the mark I wanted to leave behind at this university. There are friends I met early on in my college career who I remain close with today. But I would be lying if I told you I remember the girls who lived down the hall in my dorm or the people I met on my first day of class. Most of the friends I made freshman year were an attempt of trying to fit in and find a home on such a large campus. After a few months, though, many of those friends went in paths much different from my own, and thats okay. I didnt find my closest friends until my junior year after much self-refleciton and growing up. Remember, genuine friends are worth the wait. Photo from Rachel Hernandez My point is that feeling lost is okay. Losing friends is okay. Change is okay. Never lose sight of your goals, wear your blue and orange with pride, and go Illini! Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Analysis Of The Movie Requiem For Detroit - 1338 Words

Julien Temple in his 2010 documentary, Requiem For Detroit?, brought light to the evolution of the motorcar industry in Detroit and how it affected the development process throughout the state. Detroit’s development was dependent on the modernised industrial revolution that brought forth the expansion of suburban life and growing consumerism. This also came to be known as the ‘American dream’. He also foregrounds to his viewers, what a post capitalist society looks like which came as a result of Detroit’s longing for this ‘American dream’. Temple brought attention to the rise of Fordism and the manufacturing process that accompanied it, as well as the impact of the 1930’s depression and how it caused social strife, poverty and violent out†¦show more content†¦For example, Temple showed clips of ex convicts who would confess to crimes they committed and admitted to it being a source of ‘fun’. One man says â€Å"abno rmal behaviour, in an abnormal environment, is a normal response† (RFD?, 2010) By providing his viewers with evidence such as this, Temple was able to express that the reason for such violent outbreak in Detroit was a result of desperation among it’s youth. This insight on violence and crime that Temple provided raised levels of concern amongst his viewers that perhaps, this was the future for Detroit. His use of repeated sound effects such as police sirens and women screaming gave the illusion that Detroit was doomed to fade to rubble. His use of music and repeated footage of Detroits’ tragic landscape also helped to support this potential pathway for his intended reading. This possible outcome for Detroit however, was not truly challenged until the last final moments of his film. Temple showed Detroit, or ‘The Motor City’ to be a fast paced, predominately white, rapidly growing economy. It was seen as one of the great epicentres of 20th century music and home to the American automobile. Unfortunately, it was later realised that the exact attitude that drove Detroit to its glory days were the same exact attitudes that sent Detroit into decline. Temple spends a considerable amount of screen time following an urban explorerShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Requiem For Detroit 1357 Words   |  6 PagesRequiem for Detroit? is a historical documentary, released in 2010 and directed by Julien Temple, about the decline and collapse of Detroit, one of America’s largest cities. It chronicles Detroit’s journey through its success in the automobile industry all the way through its urban decay and industrial collapse to the present day. As the film draws a close, Temple also suggests some ways forward for Detroit. He presents possibilitie s and clearly shows which he thinks is most likely through his use

Analysis Of The Novel A Number Of Themes - 1508 Words

In the novel, a number of themes have been outlined by Ondaatje such as race, ethnicity, identity, history, nationalism, Western colonialism, romance, war, and the human body. The setting also shifts to different locations such as Cairo, deserts in Africa and England. The problem of identity is one of the most important issues for the post-modern epoch. The English Patient is a novel that questions the nation and nationalism that shape identities through colonial and anti-colonial nationalisms. The English Patient has the resonance of the myth of the Egyptian traveller in the form of the central character Almasy who is a reservoir of the fragmented accounts of expeditions through deserts. The characters are all exiles from their homeland†¦show more content†¦It is through our sense of identity that we identify ourselves as members of various ethnic groups or nations as well as social classes which provide us with a sense of belonging. Likewise, nations are communities which provide a sense of belonging through the individual’s feeling of connectedness to his or her fellow men. In other words, individuals think that they are a part of one collective body, namely, a community known as nation, which is in fact an idea, defined by Benedict Anderson as â€Å"an imagined political community†. The survival of nations depend upon invention and performance of traditions, histories, symbols which help people sustain their identity. However, it mostly depends on nationality, traditions and narration of history, which are central elements. Therefore, national history is important in the sense that it narrates the past as a common experience that belongs to a community. It creates one particular version of the past and identity to constitute a common past and a collective identity of any given community. In other words, nations are â€Å"imaginary communities,† to use Benedict Anderson‘s phrase, and nationalism is based on the very concep t of a unified imaginary community. Furthermore, nations also provide peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Novel Brave New World 1346 Words   |  6 PagesPreston Carlton Mrs. Carico AP Literature October 5, 2017 Part One: Basic Information Title In the beginning of the novel, the title Brave New World was an optimistic phrase, first used by John the Savage to declare what a wondrous new world he had discovered in the World State. â€Å"‘O brave new world,’ he repeated. ‘O brave new world that has such people in it.’† (Huxley 130) As the novel progresses, the atmosphere accompanying that phrase gets heavier and heavier, when finally on page 190, the phraseRead MoreThe Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Analysis Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesNight Time theme analysis essay. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night time, a novel written by English novelist Mark Haddon is a novel that revolves around the adventure of Christopher Boone and his effort to solve the mystery of the murder of Wellington. The novel presents the theme of difference by the use of traditional narrative conventions. The conventions includes characterization of Christopher,the use of language in the novel, the unusual layout or structure of the novel and the useRead MoreSummary Of Night Double Entry Journal 1329 Words   |  6 Pages Ms. Williams 9-2-14 English 11 Honors – 4 Night Double Entry Journal I. Write one important quote from each chapter with the page number and explain its significance to the plot of the novel. Think about why that quote was particularly significant within the plot and to the main characters. Text from Night My Response/Analysis Chapter 1: †As far as I’m concerned, this whole business of deportation is nothing but a big farce. Don’t laugh. They just want to steal our valuables and jewelry. TheyRead MoreAnimal Farm Film Analysis838 Words   |  4 Pages This essay is a comparative analysis between the film and novel, Animal Farm. Animal Farm was written by George Orwell in 1943 and published on the 17th of August 1945. A motion picture of the novel was later produced on the 29th of December 1954 by director Joy Bachelor. There are many differences and similarities between the novel and film involving the use of characters, symbolism, themes, dialogue and events. Animal farm was a successful novel as the length was 112 pages, therefore the movieRead MoreTypes Of Rubrics : Analytic And Holistic1396 Words   |  6 Pagesrubric is a more general which can be applied to many things (Bookhart). However, I chose to create an analytic rubric because it is more specific, allowing me to produce the best possible analysis and winner for the Vermont Book Award. The most effective personally created rubrics have comprehensible language, a theme, description, and criterion that speaks to you as being significant (Miller). I believe that the rubr ic I created follows these aspects directly. The rubric I generated is very specificRead MoreJazz Influence On Jazz1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe Influence of Jazz in Toni Morrison’s Novel Jazz â€Å"It is only in his music [ ... ] that the Negro in America has been able to tell his story.† James Baldwin. â€Å"Jazz has been a part of a proud African American tradition for over 100 years. A robust, rhythmic under-structure, blue notes, solos, â€Å"call-and response† patterns, and improvisation of melody all characterize jazz music.† In Jà ¼rgen Grandt’s analysis, he states that in order to use jazz to look at African American literature, the criticalRead MoreSummary : The Book Thief 849 Words   |  4 PagesChapter/Page # Summary of episode Relevance/analysis Significant quotation Quotation Page Number Pages 3-8 In this episode the author introduces the narrator. It is soon to be explained that this narrator is death. Death tells the story of a young girl who he calls â€Å"The Book Thief.† Typically, Death is a figure that many people would describe as dark and evil in this novel, however, Death describes himself differently. One significant thing Death is interested in is colors, which is a very humanlyRead MoreArticle Critique: Participant Perceptions of a Novel Physiotherapy Approach1706 Words   |  7 PagesARTICLE CRITIQUE: PARTICIPANT PERCEPTIONS OF A NOVEL PHYSIOTHERAPY APPROACH Name Class Professor University/Institution City, State Date Introduction Smith et al. (2012) explored the importance of the Blue prescription to inducing physical activity among people with multiple sclerosis. Although, the title of the study appears long, it is complete and accurate. Specifically, the title implies that the qualitative study was conducted on the participants after they received medicalRead MoreEssay about Great Gatsby862 Words   |  4 Pagesthey last saw each other. Gatsby lives in a dream world and Daisy is part of that dream. As the novel progresses, however, Gatsbys feelings change. 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Chocolate in the Ivory Coast Free Essays

In countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali children are sent away from their families to cocoa farms in exchange for promised money and other useful items for their family. Families will â€Å"send their children to work†, or basically sell, them for promised goods that are usually never received. Even though it is not slavery, there are still many moral problems with the cocoa farming. We will write a custom essay sample on Chocolate in the Ivory Coast or any similar topic only for you Order Now The children work long hours, in dangerous conditions, for usually nothing more than a bed to sleep in and minimal food to eat. Children from these poor countries are sent to The Ivory Coast in search of skills that will help them in life or help their family, but most of the time they are just taken advantage of. Cocoa farming in The Ivory coast is morally and ethically wrong because the children are taken advantage of and they are forced into a type of â€Å"slavery† The children that are taken from countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali are severely taken advantage of for many reasons. First of all, they are promised goods in exchange for their service that most of the time are not delivered or provided. Most of the time these services are just ploys to take these children into â€Å"slavery†. Most children go to work at the farms under the impression that they will learn skills or jobs that they can use to help their family. Most of the time the only skill they learn is how to pick and cut open cocoa beans. As well as being taken advantage of, the children are also forced into hard work that is only slightly different from slave labor. The hours are horribly long, and they rarely get breaks so they basically work all day. The conditions are dangerous, as the children are using sharp machetes in dense fields, and can often cut themselves or other workers. They are not paid, but work only for a bed to sleep in and a small amount of food. It is also seldom to find children that leave the farms because they do not know where to go or what to do. The small food and bed they get is better than starving on the streets for many of them. To conclude, the process of using child labor to farm cocoa in the ivory coast is a very labor intensive and dangerous process that children should not be doing. Families send their children to work at the farms and most of the time the children do not leave. This process violates several moral and ethical standards, and needs to be changed. How to cite Chocolate in the Ivory Coast, Papers

Gross Domestic Product of Australia

Question: Compare Australia with any other advanced economy and discuss their GDP last 2 to 5 years and factors affecting their GDP. Answer: Introduction It is well-known that, at the present time, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is measured as a powerful tool and techniques that plays a significant role in order to evaluate the economic as well as financial heath and position of a nation. On the other hand, it soul also be noted down that, GDP plays a vital role in order to measure and analyze the economic situation as well as monetary value of all goods that are produced in the geographic borders of a country within a specific time period (Brezina, 2011). Also, GDP plays a major role in order to estimate and scrutinize the actual and real value of a nation in an effective and an accurate manner. In addition to this, with the help of GDP, the government becomes able to measure the overall success as well as failure of a nation in an effective way. In this way, GDP plays a central role to agree on the overall economic as well as financial performance of a nation at the global level. Along with this, production approach, income approach, and expenditure approach are the three major approaches of the GDP that play a critical role in order to assess the GDP annual growth rate of a country in an appropriate way (Hall, and Lieberman, 2007). Consequently, GDP is considered as the most important quantitative technique that is valuable to estimate economic as well as financial health and wealth of a nation. Along with this, this research paper would be helpful in order to describe the major concepts related to GDP in the context of Australia. Moreover, this paper would also be beneficial to provide a comparison between the GDP of Australia and Canada in an effective and a powerful manner. Also, this research paper would be helpful to describe the major factors that have an impact on the GDP of the nation. Comparison/Evaluation between GDP of Australia and Canada On the whole, GDP plays a critical role in order to signify the economic value of the goods/products/services that are produced within the geographical borders of a nation over a particular period of time. In the same way, GDP annual growth rate is an important measure that is helpful to evaluate the economic performance of a nation in a particular period of time. In the end of each and every year, the World Bank publishes the GDP report of the nations (Mirow, 2016). In addition to this, the data and report published by the World Bank are vital in order to evaluate and appraise the economic performance of nation in term of their GDP. Moreover, the report published by the World Bank would also favorable to compare the GDP growth rate of the nations in an accurate way (The World Bank Group. 2016). Apart from this, in the context of Australia, the ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) issues GDP report and in the context of Canada, Canada's National Statistical Agency prints GDP report of the nation. These reports are essential in order to measure and calculate the annual GDP growth rate of the nations in an effective and an accurate manner. Along with this, it should be noted down that, the financial crisis of 2007-2008 was very dangerous for the economy of the nations that influenced and also declined the economy of the nations negatively. This financial crisis is also responsible to turn down the GDP growth rate of the nations for the duration of that time period. In addition to this, after the financial crisis, in 2009, the GDP annual growth rate of Canada was -2.71% even as the GDP annual growth rate of Australia was 1.73% (Thorpe and Leito, 2014). The GDP of Canada represents negative trends in the economy of the nation. The GDP rate of Australia is a sign of the strong economic position of the nation. In addition to this, the below given table is helpful to represent the GDP annual growth rate of both nations Australia and Canada in the last five years. On the basis of the above table, it can be assumed that, there is a continuous improvement in the GDP annual growth rate of Australia. In other words, it can be said that, the GDP rate of Australia has been increased in the last five year. For case, in 2013 the GDP annual growth rate of Australia was 2.40%, in 2014 2.50%, and in 2015 3.00%. As a consequence, it is believed that there is an increase in the annual GDP growth rate of the nation (McLean. 2013). In contrast, by considering the data of the Canada, it can be understood that, the annual GDP growth rate of the nation has been declined in a continuous manner. In addition, there may be seen a fluctuation in the economy of the nation. As a result, there is an up and down in the economy as well as annual GDP growth rate of the nation and that is dangerous for the overall development of the nation. In addition to this, it can be also supposed that, the GDP rate of Canada was 3.00% in 2011, 1.90% in 2012, 2.00% in 2013, 2.40% in 2014, and 1.20% in 2015. So, there is a fluctuation in the GDP rate of Canada. Moreover, on the basis of the data given in the above table, in 2015, there can be seen an enormous decline in the GDP rate of the nation. For case, the GDP rate was 2.40% in 2014, and 1.20% in 2015. It is just half of the previous year. This decline represents negative trends in the economy of the nation that are influencing the economic health as well as wealth of Canada in a negative way (Lin, Edvinsson, Chen, and Beding, 2013). On the other hand, the above table is also helpful to represent an effective comparison between the GDP rate of both nations Australia and Canada. For case, in 2012, the GDP rate of Australia was 3.60% whereas GDP rate of Canada was 1.90%. Furthermore, in 2013, the GDP rate of Australia was 2.40%, while Canada was only 2.00%. In the same way, in 2014, the GDP rate of Australia was 2.50% and in 2015 3.00% even as the GDP rate of Canada was 2.40% and 1.20% respectively. On the basis of the evaluation between the GDP annual growth rate of Australia and Canada, it can be concluded that, the GDP rate of the Australia is higher than the GDP rate of Canada (Martin and Milway, 2012). As a result; it is believed that, in current, the economic position as well as performance of Australia is stronger than Canada. In addition to this, by considering all the data given in the above table, it can be assumed that, after the financial crisis 2007-2008, the GDP growth rate of the Australia has been improved in a continuous way. Moreover, the GDP rate of Canada expresses the negative economic trends and market fluctuation in the economy of the nation that have an impact on the annual GDP growth rate of the Canada (Verdun, 2006). In addition to this, it should also be noted down that, there is less fluctuations in the economy of Australia that is beneficial for the strong economic position and high GDP rate of the nation. Moreover, the Average GDP rate of Australia is also higher than Canada and consequently, there can be seen a regular increase in the GDP rate of the Australia. For instance, the Average GDP rate of Canada is 2.4% even as the average GDP annual growth rate of Australian is 3.50% and it indicates that the economic conditions of Australia are strong in comparison to Canada (Patel, Wood ward, Feigin, Quah, and Heggenhougen, 2010). In this way, on the premises of the above table, it should be noted down that, after the financial crisis 2007-2008, the GDP annual growth rate of Australia is increasing continuously. Moreover, there can be seen a fluctuation in the GDP annual growth rate of Canada. Apart from this, it is also observed that, after the financial crisis, the GDP rate of Canada has been declined in last five years. In addition to this, it is also scrutinized that, there is a smaller amount of fluctuation and continuous improvement in the economy of Australia (International Monetary Fund. 2006). In this way, it can be said that, the economic as well as financial performance, situation, health and wealth of Australia is stronger than Canada in the last five years. In addition to this, the below given graph is also beneficial in order to understand the GDP annual growth rate of both nations Australia and Canada in the last five years. This graph is also helpful to demonstrate that changes in the GDP rate of both nations in the previous years (OECD. 2015). In this graph, the black dotted line stands for the GDP rate of Canada and the blue line indicates the GDP rate of Australia in an effective way. On the basis of the graph, it should be noted down that, the GDP of Australia has been greater than before in the previous years. The increased GDP rate of Australia signifies positive trends as well as favorable market situations of the nation. As a consequence, it can be thought that, the economy situations and conditions of Australia are favorable for the economic growth as well as success of the. Apart from this, on the premises of the graph, it is also observed that, GDP rate of Canada has been turned down in last five years. The decreased GDP annual growth rate of Canada points out the negative trends in the economy of the nation (TRADING ECONOMICS. 2016). Along with this, it is observed that the GDP rate of Australia has been improved in the previous years. For that reason, it is crucial to comprehend the major causes that play a major role in order to amplify the GDP rate of Australia in previous years. There are numerous causes that improve the GDP rate of Australia in last five to ten years. For case, government support to the business organizations or industries is the major reason that increased the GDP of the nation (Endegnanew, Turner-Jones, and Yartey, 2012). In addition to this, increased households purchasing power, increased commodity prices and the increased demand of raw materials are also the major causes that influence the GDP rate of the nation in a positive way in the previous year. Also, high investment in the mining sector is also considered one of the major causes that has been increased the GDP rate of Australia in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. In addition to this, the strong economic performance, favorable marketing conditions and trends of the nation also helpful to improve the GDP rate of Australia. It is because of the strong economy system of the nation plays a significant role to attract the other countries; so they can invest their money in that nation in order to earn higher returns on their investments. Moreover, boom in coal, iron and financial banking sector also improved the economic conditions as well as GDP growth rates of the nation in the previous years (Enright, and Petty, 2016). In this way, it can be said that, these are the major factors that influence the economy and GDP rate of Australia positively in the past time period. On the other hand, in the perspective of Canada, oil sector, banking sector, finance sector, and real estate sector play a significant role in order to improve the economy performance of the nation in last five years. Also, high government as well as private consumption, exports, and heavy demand of the household goods/products has been enhanced the GDP rate of the nation in the previous years (Estevo, and Tsounta, 2010). In this way, with the help of comparison between the GDP of Australia and Canada, it can be thought that, the economic system, performance, health, and wealth of Australia is superior as well as highly developed in comparison to Canada. Factors That Have an Effect on GDP of the Nation There are a number of factors affect economy and GDP rate of the nations in a positive as well as a negative way. The major factors that influence the GDP of both nations Australia and Canada are expressed as below: Australia: The key factors that affect the GDP of Australia are articulated as follow: Interest Rates: Interest rate is a major factor that has an impact on the GDP of the nation. The high interest rates of Australia have influenced the GDP of the nation. For case, it should be noted down that, the interest rates of the nation are higher than other nations that have been generated various challenges as well as serious issues in front of the government of the nation and also influenced the GDP rate of the nation negatively (Focus Economics. 2016). Inflation: Inflation is a key factor that influences the economy and GDP of a country. It is true that, inflation stays alive in the economy of Australia that is dangerous for the economy growth and success of the nation (Faeth, 2010). Moreover, the below given chart is useful to appreciate the impact of inflation on the economy as well as GDP of Australia. The graph points out that in the past years, the inflation rate of the nation was high that has been influenced the economy performance and GDP annual growth rate of Australia in negative way. Government Spending and Investment: The government spending and investment is also the other important factor that affects the economy and GDP rate of the nation. But, in the context of Australia, a low government spending as well as investment has been influenced the economy performance as well as GDP rate of the nation in a negative manner (Marthinsen, 2008). Canada: The major factors that have an effect on the GDP and economy of Canada are expressed as below: Free Trade Agreement: Free trade agreement is a major factor that has been influenced the economy performance and GDP rate of the nation in a negative way. It is because of the government of nation has made a lot of agreements with other nations that not only decline the profitability but also influenced the GDP rate of the nation in a negative way (Focus Economics. 2016). Oil Prices: The increased oil prices of nation also affect the GDP rate of Canada negatively. For case, there can be seen a rapid increase in the price of crude oil and this increase has been influenced the economy success, and GDP of the state negatively (Lawn, 2013). Number of Employees: In the history of Canada, there can be observed a major decline in the numbers of factory workers. This decline has been affected the productivity as well as profitability of the nation in a negative way (Globerman, and Storer, 2008). Moreover, the decline in the productivity has been influenced the economy and GDP of the nation. Housing Prices: The increased housing prices also influenced the economy and GDP rate of Canada in a negative way. For case, in 2013, the housing price of Canada was 5.2% even as it was 6.8% in 2014 (Martin and Milway, 2012). In this way, it can be said that, these are the major factors that affect the economy of the nations in a negative manner. The governments of the nations must emphasis on these factors and also make efforts to remove these negative factors to improve the economy performance as well as GDP rate of the nation in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Conclusion On the basis of above conversation, it can be understood that, GDP is a major tool and technique that plays a significant role in order to measure the economic performance of a nation in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Along with this, it is also observed that, GDP rate of a nation is a symbol of the positive and negative economy of the nation. Moreover, it is also scrutinized that, the GDP rate of Australia is higher than the GDP rate of Canada that points out that the economic system of Australia is superior to Canada. In addition, it is also observed that the economy situations or conditions of Australia are favorable to the nation. In addition to this, it can also be said that, there are numerous factors that have an impact on the economy of the nations in both positive as well as negative manner. For this reason, it is recommended that, the government of both nations should focus on the negative factors or trends and should develop effective policies to take away t hese factors in order to improve the economic performance and GDP of the nations in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. References Brezina, C., 2011. Understanding the Gross Domestic Product and the Gross National Product. The Rosen Publishing Group. Endegnanew, Y., Turner-Jones, T., and Yartey, C. A. 2012. Fiscal Policy and the Current Account: Are Microstates Different? International Monetary Fund. Enright, M.J., and Petty, R., 2016. Australia's Competitiveness: From Lucky Country to Competitive Country. John Wiley Sons. Estevo, M.M., and Tsounta, E., 2010. Canada's Potential Growth: Another Victim of the Crisis? International Monetary Fund. Faeth, I., 2010. Foreign Direct Investment in Australia: Determinants and Consequences. UoM Custom Book Centre. Focus Economics. 2016. Australia Economic Forecast. Focus Economics. 2016. Canada Economic Forecast. Globerman, S., and Storer, P., 2008. The Impact of 9/11 on Canada - U.S. Trade. University of Toronto Press. Hall, R. and Lieberman, M., 2007. Macroeconomics: Principles and Applications 4th ed. Cengage Learning. IndexMundi. 2016. Australia Unemployment rate. International Monetary Fund. 2006. Canada: 2006 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report; Staff Supplement; and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion. International Monetary Fund. Lawn, P., 2013. Globalisation, Economic Transition and the Environment: Forging a Path to Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar Publishing. Lin, C.Y., Edvinsson, L., Chen, J., and Beding, T., 2013. National Intellectual Capital and the Financial Crisis in Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States. Springer Science Business Media. Marthinsen, J.E., 2008. Managing in a Global Economy: Demystifying International Macroeconomics: Demystifying International Macroeconomics. Cengage Learning. Martin, R.L., and Milway, J., 2012. Canada: What it Is, what it Can be. University of Toronto Press. McLean. L.W., 2013. Why Australia Prospered: The Shifting Sources of Economic Growth. Princeton University Press. Mirow, W., 2016. Strategic Culture, Securitisation and the Use of Force: Post-9/11 Security Practices of Liberal Democracies. Routledge. OECD. 2015. Value for Money in Government Building on Basics. OECD Publishing. Patel, V., Woodward, A., Feigin, V., Quah, S.R., and Heggenhougen, K., 2010. Mental and Neurological Public Health: A Global Perspective. Academic Press. Roy, K.C., and Chatterjee, S., 2007. Growth, Development and Poverty Alleviation in the Asia-Pacific. Nova Publishers.

Life Cycle and Permanent Income Hypothesis

Unit 3IP Essay

Unit 3IP Essay Unit 3IP Essay Emergency Plan of Action of a Terrorist Attack Markel Limbacker AIU CRJS210 Abstract The chief of police has asked Captain Markel Limbacker, Sr. to develop a multiagency emergency response plan. This plan should include local, state, and federal law enforcement agency to be prepared in case of a terrorist attack on American soil. This plan should include what agencies will be a part of it and why. It should entail if their current responsibilities will be negatively affected and how. Each agencies that is involved their roles should be included and who will be the leader to go to in case of an attack. Emergency Plan of Action for a Terrorist Attack Charlotte Mecklenburg Police Department (CMPD) of Charlotte, NC has been chosen to lead the way in forming an emergency plan of action for a terrorist attack. CMPD has a team called the â€Å"ALERT Team† (CMPD, 2013). It stands for Advanced Local Emergency Response Team, and is a defined group of 90 members trained to respond to a terrorist attack. Captain Limbacker of CMPD East division has asked for North Caroline State Highway Patrol (NCSHP) to join forces with the emergency plan. Captain Limbacker has asked NCSHP to join due to they will bring their knowledge of all NC highways. The NCSHP is responsible for making sure the highways are safe for all drivers and passengers. Occurring to NCSHP website, â€Å"The NCSHP’s primary mission is to reduce collisions and make the highways of NC as safe as possible† (Grey, 2014). There are over 1,600 troopers and their range of coverage is 78,000 miles of highway, this makes NCSHP highway coverage larger than any other state except Texas. With this said it is highly recommended to have the NCSHP become part of the emergency plan. If there is such an attack on Charlotte, NC; NCSHP can be dispatch to address anyone escaping on the roads. Having NCSHP also helps to try and prevent any attacks as suspicion vehicles can be spotted from Troopers on post. NCSHP regular responsibilities will not be impacted negative at all. The great thing about using them is that they will be able to perform regular duties as watching the highways. In the mist of doing their jobs normally it will just be added to assist with watching the highways for terrorist. There will be no change to normal daily functions from NCSHP. The FBI should be a major part of the emergency response plan. Who better to know terrorist than the FBI? It has been said after the 9/11 attacks of the twin towers in the great city of NY, then president George W. Bush and his administration declared a war on terror. This had given the FBI a more range of power to attack those who are responsible for terrorist attacks on America (Greenberg, 2011). Before the 9/11 attacks the FBI have been involved in fighting terrorist. The FBI has worked thoroughly and gathered files and information on well know terrorist and upcoming terrorist across the world. What the FBI will bring to the table is critical to the cause of protection of U.S. citizens from terrorists’ attacks. The FBI can continue to have more in depth surveillance equipment that local and state law enforcement do not have. The FBI is able to cross state to state to reach areas not capable to be reach by others. Their sources and capability is amazing and much needed in this plan. The FBI has been given better guidelines to expand their spying power since Bush left office. The new guidelines have lowered the standard of authorize surveillance, prompting civil

Nonprofit Discussion Questions 1-4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonprofit Discussion Questions 1-4 - Coursework Example guiding principles which call for avoiding concentration of powers in the hands certain board members and call it be teamwork with neither management being too powerful. This has been criticized in certain place sayings that with this model the board members are only limited to the policy making and formulation rather than the implementations. The nonprofit organization since based on charity and other funding or donations tend to be dependent on the volunteers. If we want our volunteering force to be very active and be there to work with full dedication and interest we must provide them certain incentives to keep them going .Acknowledge being the very basic we may give them some token of appreciation that will also lead to interest for other workers since they would also wont to have that reward. Other benefits may include provision of free services in certain spheres or free food and clothes. What I reached the conclusion after having a detailed discussion was that when we hire people we must beforehand inform them about the structure so that they can have an idea if they work with such load and environment or not. Further the members must learned down to earth have no interest in material gains and would work with full dedication keeping the whole firm as one unit. It is definitely very essential to know the position of the nonprofit in the lifecycle to have a full comprehension of the leadership and the governance. In the lifecycle of an organization basically gives us the basic know how of the firm and hierarchy which in turn gives us the idea of the governance and the board members. Have good relation with the competing organizations and have friendly atmosphere within the organization. It helps us in adopting a model of governance that is suitable for the present conditions and the effective board members and meetings. When we come to links with external sources as nonprofit organization we can take up the following exemplary cases. USAID partnership

Illegal Immigration - Effects on large cities Essay

Illegal Immigration - Effects on large cities - Essay Example The 1965 Elimination and nationality act was probably the first effort to control illegal immigration into the US from Mexico (Skinner, 2006). From that date till present, many acts have been introduced in the US regarding immigrants. Some of these acts however (for example the Alien registration act of 1940 and the Immigration amnesty act of 1986), while being explicit in fines and penalties for illegal immigrants and those who employ them were also lenient in a way that these acts legalized a great number of illegal immigrants at that time. Such acts have indirectly encouraged illegal immigration instead of limiting it. According to a study, cited in Huntington (2000), Mexicans constituted 62% of the total illegal immigrant population in the US in the year 1992. Other than Mexicans, illegal immigrants include Filipinos, Chinese, Hispanics and Spanish also. A research by Jordan, cited in Huntington (2000) concluded that without Mexican immigrants, the total immigration level in the US might have been almost equal to two thirds of what it has actually been. Ritter (2006) has estimated that almost 11 million illegal immigrants live in the USA, and this number increases almost by a million each year. According to one estimate, the foreign born immigrant population has exceeded more than ten percent of the total population in seven census years i.e., from 1860 to 1930 (Huntington, 2000). These rates are alarming and suggest that America’s more than half population is immigrant. Garibaldi (2006) has pointed out some issues raised due to illegal immigration. These include encouragement for others in illegal immigration, burden on the tax-paying population of America, injustice towards the legal immigrants, growth of the demand for cheap labor, fake documentations and paper fraud. Similarly, Wagner (2001) has identified the problems related to illegal immigration as follows: economic issues,

Ethics in the Tobacco Industry, Pakistan

Ethics in the Tobacco Industry, Pakistan Abstract Quite a lot has been said and done about Business Ethics. Several studies have been conducted emphasizing on the importance of what and How in business environment. However there has been put quite little effort in describing in a unified term of what business ethics exactly asks. Nevertheless existing giant businesses have not been scrutinized of their ethical practices. This study is an attempt to investigate what ethics does Tobacco Industry practice. The case of Pakistan is taken to complete this research so as to check in absence of strict government regulations how responsible does the industry behaves. Cost Benefit analysis procedure for clarifying this ethical dilemma shows that in the absence of strong health hazard data the industrys overall functioning can be considered ethical under utilitarian school of thought. This is because the number of beneficiaries of the industry in a developing country like Pakistan is immense and the recognized harms are comparatively less. This thesis gives the real coaster effect when these results are revealed. However this is a deductive study that leads to further research questions and discovers new undiscovered ventures to explore. Introduction Ethics is mostly known as the study of decision making that while doing this considers the widely accepted moral standards. One of the ethical questions however is the ethical dilemma, in which an issue has two conflicting bur arguably valid sides. A classical ethical dilemma example can be of the debate on allowing the tobacco companies to advertise. If allowed to do so then that means encouragement of an unhealthy practice but on the other hand if they are not allowed to advertise then it is clear discrimination between rights. Similarly Employees have the right to privacy, but employers also have right to expect safe, competent behavior from employees. Now who is to decide the winner between employees choice of taking drugs or employers liberty to let undergo their employees through drug tests? Many such ethical questions are faced by managers every day. The common theme in all ethical dilemmas is a clash between the privileges of two or more stakeholders over one another. Traditionally, the place of ethics in business practices has been to supply a decision procedure or some formal normative orientation. The place of ethical theory in the making of business decisions is problematic, and the symptoms are numerous. This can be seen, for example, in the difficulties authors of business ethics texts often have in employing ethical theories to resolve or clarify issues of ethical or social concern. In my opinion the theories for resolving the ethical dilemmas themselves create an ethical dilemma. For instance some of the employees in the organization feel that there shouldnt be fixed working hours. As long as they are productive there should not be any restrictions on them regarding the time schedules. If we analyze this case under the two schools of thought i.e. Utilitarian and the deontological we will see that if the employees are productive without imposing the limit of fixed working hours on them i.e. the consequence of the proposition is positive then according to the utilitarian theory the act is ethical. While Deontological concept will take it as unethical for it will see it as breaking the laws and conventions of the organization It can be observed that presently accepted and practiced ethical theories posit strong foundations. In my opinion however these theories are of limited use in solving ethical problems. Their reliability and ability to be generalized can be challenged because they ignore certain aspects of morality and prefer others according to different situations that arise in different contexts. This study is devoted to resolve the conflict of deciding between what is and what is not ethical in the Tobacco industry. The theory chosen for the study is utilitarian theory which has two advantages over other alternative ethical theories as how to be applied in various business endeavors. Firstly as we know that business works for the motive of benefiting self and so does utilitarian theory defines morality i.e. morality is to prefer self interest as prime. Secondly utilitarian theory is analyzed by comparing the benefits and harms of a given option and this is how it again finds similarity with profit and loss in accounting and business. Since utilitarian theory is quantified with the help of cost-benefit analysis so the data is analyzed by using cost-benefit analysis model. The strive was to be able to resolve the ethical dilemma regarding the existence and functioning of Tobacco industry without creating an ethical dilemma through the process of resolving it. Business Ethics. Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that identify and solve the ethical and moral issues in the business environment. In the increasingly conscience focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions (known as ethicism) is increasing (wikipedia, 2007). Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, today most major corporations use alternate words such as social responsibility charters, corporate social responsibility etc to highlight the importance of social values and norms. Business ethics has to decide on ethical issues by looking through the lens of the employee, the enterprise or the society as a whole. Ethical dilemma It is the situation in which an issue has two conflicting but arguably valid sides. Ethical dilemmas continue to receive a great deal of attention from philosophers and management experts, who have developed a number of tools to guide managers through sometimes confusing and always difficult decisions regarding ethical dilemmas. However it is important to note that like the problem the methods for resolving this problem are also not absolute and agreed upon. Even the best models rarely lead to a single answer that is absolutely right, just or fair, but they do point the way to answers that seem more right, more just, or more fair than others Hosmer(1988 a). Principles of ethical analysis have their roots in normative philosophy, the study of proper thoughts and conduct, or how people should behave Hosmer(1988 b). Five commonly applied normative approaches are described as under. Deontology. Deontology depends on the intentions of a person making the decision or performing the act. A deontologist would disagree with the emphasis on outcome as the determinant of moral actions because consequences are generally indefinite and uncertain at the time the decision is made. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) provided much of the base for understanding this concept in all eras. Theories of Justice. Theories of justice explain ethical decisions on the basis of fairness and impartiality (Stead et al, 1990). This philosophy stresses social justice. Critics point out that this theory assumes that social cooperation provides the basis for all economic and social benefits, which may or may not be true (Stead et al, 1990). Theories of Rights. Theories of rights as from the name indicate that the most ethical decision will be based on protecting peoples right that might potentially be affected by the decision (Courtland et al, 1992). Theories of rights, unlike theories of justice, depend upon on equal opportunities for choice and exchange, not on equal allocations of wealth and income. As discussed earlier sometimes the conflicting rights become the shortcoming of the application of this theory (Courtland et al, 1992). Social Contract Theories. Social contract theories hold that when individuals become a part of a bigger community such as an organization of a local community then they agree to share the values of that group and also agrees to the means of reaching the agreed upon goals (Thomas, 1991). Critics argue that social contract theories do not give liberty to the individual thinkers who might have a contradicting opinion from their fellow community members (Thomas, 1991). Utilitarian theories. Utilitarian theories support the idea that ethical behavior results in the greatest good for the greatest number. So, according to utilitarian theories, the most ethical decision creates the greatest degree of benefits for the greater number of people while having a potential of inducing comparatively lesser amount of damages or harm (Hitt Columbus, Ohio 1990). Consequentialist moral theories are teleological which means that they aim at some goal state and evaluate the morality of actions in terms of progress toward that state. Tobacco Industry and Business Ethics. This section will outline some historical facts related to tobacco industry and will also highlight how this industry grew from the scratch. This section also includes the description of the functioning of the tobacco industry in terms of business ethics since from the beginning of its origin right up till now. Finally the chapter concludes by briefly stating how it became a part of Muslim and Asian culture. Tobacco Plant. Tobacco is a natively fostered plant of America. Tobacco plant has very small seed such as one ounce approximately contains over three hundred thousand seeds. This plant started being cultivated according to an estimate thousand years B.C. As early as one B.C., Tobacco started being used in various religious activities. Not only religious but also was thought to be of quite a medicinal importance by American Indians. It was basically thought of as pain killer and was also used by quite a number of people as a cure all solution. Discovery of the New World. Christopher Columbus was gifted dried tobacco leaves by the American Indians. As it was brought to Europe it started to be grown all over the Europe. Europeans grew it against a misinformation that tobacco has a healing tendency and that it can cure all the diseases no matter how big or small. According to a book written by a Spanish doctor in 1571 tobacco could cure at least thirty six health problems. Thomas Harriet a Virginian in 1588 invented smoking as he wanted to discover a way that could help take a daily dose of tobacco. Later he died of nose cancer because it was through the nose then that they use to breathe tobacco. In 1610 Sir Francis Bacon realized that trying to quit smoking was really difficult. In 1632 for the first time for moral reasons smoking got prohibited in Massachusetts. Tobacco: A Growth Industry For the first time when tobacco industry got significant industry value was in 1776. In the American Revolutionary War It acted as a security against the loans America borrowed from France. However scientists continued to understand the chemicals in tobacco, as well as the dangers they had. In 1836 tobacco was recognized as a lethal commodity.In 1847, the famous Phillip Morris was established, selling hand rolled Turkish cigarettes. Until 1900 chewing tobacco was the most famous tobacco product however cigarette started becoming famous in 1990s. As the cigarette was gaining popularity so was anti smoking campaigns with the notion of some states in America asking for total ban on tobacco. The demand for cigarettes however kept growing. The Recent trends. In 1980s was the time when legal actions gained their pace against the working of tobacco industry as in 1982 from the Surgeon General reports it was evident that tobacco is injurious to health and by no means its use or sale can be termed legal. It was also known that passive smoking may cause lung cancer. It was in 1990 that smoking got banned in all the flights except for the flight to Alaska and Hawaii. In 1990, Ben Jerrys initiated anti smoking campaigns and terminated business with tobacco industry allies. This lead Tobacco industry to change their strategy in the 80s and 90s and they started marketing their products heavily in developing countries of Asia. The strategy was to acquire market share from the markets with more flexible rules for tobacco business. It has been revealed that tobacco industry has realized all long and is aware of the harmfulness of their products. Knowing this did not stop them from doing and expanding business and they have been justifying this by stating that people make informed choice. This draws our attention on the fact that those who are being blamed need to take measures against this blame. The arrival of Tobacco in the Muslim World. Quite similar to the situation in Europe Tobacco use started by physicians and started to gain popularity through medical manuals and journals in the Middle East by the last years of the sixteenth century (Grehan, 2006). Those responsible for carrying the same message were mostly non Muslims that had contacts with Europe and could easily understand, interpret and translate the work of Europeans for the locals (Gokhale, 2009). There were not any segments of Middle Eastern society that did not contribute to this constantly increasing demand. While investigating tobaccos prevalence in his era, the Damascene jurist Abd al Ghani al Nabulsi confidently declared in 1682, Tobacco has now become extremely famous in all the countries of Islam People of all kinds have used it and devoted themselves to it I have even seen young children of about five years applying themselves to it (Ghauri, Atcha, Shiekh, 2006, p.34). Among these early users were quite a lot of women (Grehan, 2006). As Grehan (2006, p.413) states from the time of its first entry, tobacco would have to rebuff strenuous challenges from political and religious authorities, who in the most critical tests of its appeal would join forces in sporadic anti-smoking campaigns. One widely accepted methodology was to win a debate for proving tobacco as an intoxicant and that it has the same affect on the body as wine therefore strictly forbidden by Islamic law as resourced in Quran and Hadith (Grehan, 2006). Tobacco manufacture in subcontinent started in Akbars reign. But by 1617 its use had become so widespread that Akbars successor Jahangir (1605-1627) issued a verdict forbidding the smoking of tobacco Gokhale (2009). Tobacco Industry of Pakistan. Smoking can be proved as dangerous for peoples health but for the economies such as of Pakistan and other such nations, it is the good news that they will always want to hear. This section intends to highlight the important role tobacco plays in the economics of the country. Tobacco industry contributed 4.4 per cent or over Rs 27.5 billion to the total GDP of Pakistan including Rs 15.17 billion, including Rs 14.54 billion in excise duty and sales tax, in 1997. According to data provided through the internet resources it can be seen that tobacco industry pays six times more taxes than is earned from the cotton industry. This makes the tobacco industry to pay over five percent of all the taxes that are collected by the country. Furthermore over a million people are working as tobacco industry employees. Cultivation area has also increased in the last decade that means increase in business. The figure indicates the increase of thirty percent which is even less than the percentage increase of production i.e. hundred and forty five percent. The only crop of Pakistan whose yield exceeds the world average is also tobacco i.e. its per hectare yield equals that of the US and several other developed countries that makes approximately nineteen hundred kilograms. Tobacco Industry and Ethics. Tobacco Companies cannot be treated like rest of the companies as all their practices and products are not like other companies. Tobacco industry produces the products that are not only legal but at the same time they are also deadly for their consumers. How wondrous is that a product can kill more than half of its regular users? As such, in terms of CSR activities, they cannot simply figure among the ranks of other consumer goods companies. Despite the tobacco industrys thinly-veiled attempts to gain corporate respectability and companies claims to have changed their practices, they keep on adopting unethical strategies to promote their products, expand markets and increase profits (WHO, 2003). Objective of study The research will focus on the Tobacco Industry of Pakistan as the case of Ethical dilemma situation.The research will investigate what ethics do the tobacco industry practice. And can they be termed ethical under Utilitarian school of thought. Utilitarian theory is the world renowned theory to solve various ethical dilemmas in terms of the consequences an activity has. In short the study will be conducted to justify the role of Tobacco Industry in terms of business ethics. Literature review This chapter serves as a backbone of the whole study. This study is deductive in approach so a complete review of the existing literature and schools of thoughts was mandatory to recommend future issues for research. The section starts with defining the core concepts and terminologies followed by how and where these concepts have been used. This section also states why one theory and method has been selected over the others. As the chapter grows there are arguments far and against of the practices of tobacco industry and how they varied in two time zones i.e. from 1980-1999 and from 2000-2007. Business ethics Dilemma: Business ethics adapts its functioning from the methods prescribed by normative believes to resolve the moral issues in businesses. Business ethics studies both profit and non-profit corporations. Existing practices are judged on the basis of what ought to be done in the given situation. One specific feature is vital to the business ethics. Business ethics has to account for strategic concerns. In the business sphere, ethical reflection has to allow for the interest at stake, in order to avoid being so high principled that one disregards all consequences for the corporations future (Peter Pratley 1997). The common opinion seems to be that the term business ethics is not found anywhere in its true spirit. This is thought because ethics and business in soul are different. Where ethics preaches being nice and charitable there business finds its way to satisfy self interests and nasty objectives. Organizations spend a lot of time and effort in implementing new initiatives for profit making and cost cutting however not even half of this commitment of resources can be seen for the implementation of ethical programs. The impression is given that adherence to the ethical code of practice is adequate rather than embracing its true spirit. Ethical considerations have no more value than the choice of plants in the office. The view of Friedman (1976) that the only social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. Other literature has suggested that specialized ethical theories should be applied to business to better understand behavior in the context of the business organization. RobertAllanCooke (2004, p.2-5) evaluates in his study some fundamental fallacies about business ethics and finds that the good ethics is good business should still be termed as true. On the one hand we have the common good for society arising spontaneously from a largely unregulated market of companies pursuing their self interest and on the other hand looking for the benefit for the company that it is standing for. In both cases the benefits are supposedly efficiency and fair distribution. Taken from the level of the corporation this appears to be a real time situation offering a minimum of restriction on market behavior and maximum control over internal affairs (Andrew Bartlett David Preston 2000). We encounter various situations in our life where we have to resolve any dilemma. And Businesses are no exceptions. Businesses and managers have to maximize their profits and optimize their costs in terms of resources and while planning for this all they come across many situations where they have to choose among two choices i.e. termed by economists as opportunity cost. The choices sometimes create an ethical dilemma and the decision in such cases become more complex. With regard to consumers, the example of tobacco is particularly typical to understand. When seen in the through the lens of time it can be observed that in the short term, a need is satisfied on the expense of the long term loss of health of the customers. This has always been the strategy of the tobacco industry to not let their business slow down. While the advertising campaign in the United States was getting pace to encourage adolescents not to smoke, the tobacco companies were making new customers of the same age or teenagers in Asia an Africa by distributing free cigarettes (Levin 1991). Ethical dilemma Theory: Such dilemmas are dealt with ethical theories. One considered under the study is Utilitarian Theory. Utilitarianism is a Western adopted theory that has a history starting from the late 1700s (Harris, 2002; Shanahan Wang, 2003). Harris stated that utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive traditions of moral thought in our culture (p. 119). Rachels (1998) described utilitarian theory as based in social transformation in human nature and behaviour, and it is that alternative to natural law that encompasses it as well. Along with the applause the utilitarian theory is also criticized by many. As Peter Pratley (1997, p.140) states that it may happen that an option seems to be most profitable for the large majority, while at the same time we feel that it is morally totally improper from the point of view of distributive justice. Whereas most receive a relatively minor benefit, a small number have to cope with outrageous costs. Applying Utilitarian guidelines continually is impossible, even for private corporations with noble humanitarian intentions. Utility asks too much from individual private businesses. If each time decisions were made corporations adopted only the utilitarian most perfect solution, many would have to close down especially if they had to pay for the environmental damage they do. Utilitarian thinking favors bringing about the greatest total amount of good that we can (Harris et al 2000 p. 77). According to a utilitarian, we have, as our most basic obligation, to: produce the greatest good for the greatest number, or Maximize aggregate happiness (these are assumed to be equivalent). Problems for the general utilitarian approach are (Harris et al 2000 pp. 77-78): Utilitarianism is an information-intensive view, since there can be an enormous number of relevant factual issues. Another problem is determining the audience for a decision, which the textbook defines as the population over which the good is to be [ought to be] maximized (p. 78); that is, audience refers to all those whose happiness would be affected by the agents decision. This is problematic because decisions can sometimes affect an enormous number of people (not to mention non-human animals), into the indefinite future. Finally, the utilitarian approach is claimed to neglect considerations of justice, because it ignores the distribution of benefits and harms. Cost Benefit Analysis: How do we decide whether a given action is morally right or wrong? The answer given by cost-benefit analysis that maximizing benefits should be the priority is very similar to the answer sorted out by utilitarian. Economists who do cost-benefit analysis claim that certain non market things are hard to quantify in terms of money value but yet it is exciting and challenging (Steven 1981). Benthams ideal of a precise quantitative method for decision making is most fully realized in cost-benefit analysis. This method differs from Benthams hedonistic calculus primarily in the use of monetary units to express the benefits and drawbacks of various alternatives (Mishan, 1976). Primarily hedons and dolors i.e. positive and negative values were used to calculate utilitarian results. Any project the dollar amount of the benefits exceeds the dollar amount of the damages is worth pursuing, according to cost benefit analysis, and from among different projects. A distinction is mostly made, moreover, between cost-benefit analysis and cost-effective analysis. Cost-effective analysis assumes that there is already some agreed upon end and what is the most efficient means for achieving this end. Cost-benefit analysis, by contrast, is used to select both the means to ends and ends themselves (Baram, 1980). Experts in cost-benefit analysis attempt to overcome the problem of assigning dollar figure to non economic goods with a technique known as shadow pricing. This consists of determining the value reflected by peoples market and non market behavior. According to Macintyre (1977) cost benefit analysis is offered as a method that is itself value-free and applies only the values that people express in the market. Critics charge, however, that the method is heavily value-laden since the values of the analyst cannot be excluded entirely. Cost benefit analysis requires the analyst to determine what constitutes a cost and a benefit. However the defenders of cost-benefit analysis reply that any theory is value laden, and an advantage of cost-benefit analysis that it makes its value commitments explicit, so that they can be flagged and properly taken into account. This view has been supported in the work of Boatright (1997, p.46). A virtue of cost/benefit is that it seeks to lift a murky and endless policy debate out of the realm of ideology or moral preference into a more objective realm of testable factual propositions. The object is to gather the best available evidence of social impacts or costs and then, within a social accounting or utilitarian framework, to compare social prescriptions in terms of their prospects for reducing those costs. Yet, as Alasdair Macintyre has cogently argued, utilitarianism has unavoidable limitations that the cost/benefit specifists seldom take into account. Pragmatists who present cost/benefit analysis as a value-neutral tool, Macintyre argues, often lose sight of the fact that utilitarian tests always presuppose the application of some prior non utilitarian principle which sets limits upon the range of alternatives to be considered.(Macintyre 1977)These inputs into the putatively objective cost/benefit analysis are inherently value-laden. When they are not made explicit and are not subjected to the same rigorous tests applied within the circumscribed framework of the cost/benefit analysis itself, they can compromise the objectivity of the entire enterprise. Criticism has been immense but the allegation to assign monetary value to the non market entities is not only the challenge faced by utilitarian theory but also all other political and ethical theories (Shepley, 2006). Cost-benefit analysis can be thought of as an attempt to operationalize utilitarianism using economic analysis. The textbooks template for applying cost-benefit analysis (Harris et al 2000 p. 79): Assess the available options. Assess the costs and benefits (each measured in monetary terms) of each option for the entire audience of the action, or all of those affected by the decision. Make the decision that is likely to result in the greatest benefit relative to cost; that is, the course of action must not be one in which the cost of implementing the option could produce greater benefit if spent on another option. Problems for cost-benefit analysis are (Harris et al, 2000, pp. 80-81): Considerations of justice in the distribution of benefits and costs are ignored. Can all of the relevant costs and benefits really be adequately represented in monetary terms? What about public (non-market) goods? Can a monetary value be placed on human lives? It has been used in the past to justify morally unacceptable practices like slavery and child labor. McMaken (2001) in his article shows how trustworthy the method is to come up with such sensitive decisions such as government regulations etc. In his article he states, Its the return of cost-benefit analysis. Coast (2004) argues that money represents a passage to consumption so loss of money can represent the worth of things lost and vice versa. The advantage of using money in analysis is that money is very familiar to people and its worth is highly recognized. CBA addresses allocative efficiency which is achieved by minimizing the waste of resources and then to make one person better off without making another loose (Rushby John Cairns, 2006). Tobacco Industry Ethics: 1980-1999: The study is conducted for observing the tobacco Industrys ethical practices for that reason some literature has been explored regarding the desired objective. Tobacco is a major health hazard and an important economic commodity. It is very rational to say that if it would have been useful to use tobacco products then anti tobacco campaigns must not have been accepted so widely. On the other hand, the market for tobacco is so big that these anti tobacco regulations are hard to implement. The management of every joint-stock company is commissioned by the shareholders to achieve the maximum profit on the capital invested and to increase its market share. Consequently, a decrease in tobacco consumption or the number of consumers is not in the interests of the tobacco companies. Their goal is to increase production and consumption. The tobacco companies do not, as a rule, make statements implying that the use of their products can lead to illness or death. They may say that tobacco has been considered to be associated with increased risks. As ethical considerations now are accepted by the tobacco industry itself, an analysis of their practice of autonomy, doing good, justice and doing no harm could be done and analysed (Fagerberg et al, 1990). Now when people make informed choice that is claimed by tobacco industry to be autonomy. When people enjoy the tobacco products and consider them as their need, tobacco industry terms it as doing well to people. Allowing people to make the choices under no authority is doing justice and there is no final medical report for health consequences so that means doing no harm in the eyes of tobacco industry (Tobaks, 1990) All these arguments can be refuted asserting non-profitable motives in the service of humanity, and with the guiding principle of ethical responsibility formulated by the philosopher Hans Jonas in (1984). Thus the tobacco companies can be accused of misusing the word autonomy as they overlook the fact of chemical dependency on tobacco. Also, the long-term effects are so immense that it is difficult to defend short-term motives of both consumers and the industry. The arguments for justice and doing no harm are counteracted by the knowledge that use of tobacco leads to lesions, sometimes direct mortal lesions, and by the circumstances that general knowledge based on facts can hardly be achieved to a sufficient degree in a whole population. To sum up, it is insane for the tobacco companies to find moral defenses for their misconduct. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence against cigarettes, the tobacco industry continues to debate over the controversial results of different scientists for proving or disproving smoking as an important cause of deaths by various diseases (R Ethics in the Tobacco Industry, Pakistan Ethics in the Tobacco Industry, Pakistan Abstract Quite a lot has been said and done about Business Ethics. Several studies have been conducted emphasizing on the importance of what and How in business environment. However there has been put quite little effort in describing in a unified term of what business ethics exactly asks. Nevertheless existing giant businesses have not been scrutinized of their ethical practices. This study is an attempt to investigate what ethics does Tobacco Industry practice. The case of Pakistan is taken to complete this research so as to check in absence of strict government regulations how responsible does the industry behaves. Cost Benefit analysis procedure for clarifying this ethical dilemma shows that in the absence of strong health hazard data the industrys overall functioning can be considered ethical under utilitarian school of thought. This is because the number of beneficiaries of the industry in a developing country like Pakistan is immense and the recognized harms are comparatively less. This thesis gives the real coaster effect when these results are revealed. However this is a deductive study that leads to further research questions and discovers new undiscovered ventures to explore. Introduction Ethics is mostly known as the study of decision making that while doing this considers the widely accepted moral standards. One of the ethical questions however is the ethical dilemma, in which an issue has two conflicting bur arguably valid sides. A classical ethical dilemma example can be of the debate on allowing the tobacco companies to advertise. If allowed to do so then that means encouragement of an unhealthy practice but on the other hand if they are not allowed to advertise then it is clear discrimination between rights. Similarly Employees have the right to privacy, but employers also have right to expect safe, competent behavior from employees. Now who is to decide the winner between employees choice of taking drugs or employers liberty to let undergo their employees through drug tests? Many such ethical questions are faced by managers every day. The common theme in all ethical dilemmas is a clash between the privileges of two or more stakeholders over one another. Traditionally, the place of ethics in business practices has been to supply a decision procedure or some formal normative orientation. The place of ethical theory in the making of business decisions is problematic, and the symptoms are numerous. This can be seen, for example, in the difficulties authors of business ethics texts often have in employing ethical theories to resolve or clarify issues of ethical or social concern. In my opinion the theories for resolving the ethical dilemmas themselves create an ethical dilemma. For instance some of the employees in the organization feel that there shouldnt be fixed working hours. As long as they are productive there should not be any restrictions on them regarding the time schedules. If we analyze this case under the two schools of thought i.e. Utilitarian and the deontological we will see that if the employees are productive without imposing the limit of fixed working hours on them i.e. the consequence of the proposition is positive then according to the utilitarian theory the act is ethical. While Deontological concept will take it as unethical for it will see it as breaking the laws and conventions of the organization It can be observed that presently accepted and practiced ethical theories posit strong foundations. In my opinion however these theories are of limited use in solving ethical problems. Their reliability and ability to be generalized can be challenged because they ignore certain aspects of morality and prefer others according to different situations that arise in different contexts. This study is devoted to resolve the conflict of deciding between what is and what is not ethical in the Tobacco industry. The theory chosen for the study is utilitarian theory which has two advantages over other alternative ethical theories as how to be applied in various business endeavors. Firstly as we know that business works for the motive of benefiting self and so does utilitarian theory defines morality i.e. morality is to prefer self interest as prime. Secondly utilitarian theory is analyzed by comparing the benefits and harms of a given option and this is how it again finds similarity with profit and loss in accounting and business. Since utilitarian theory is quantified with the help of cost-benefit analysis so the data is analyzed by using cost-benefit analysis model. The strive was to be able to resolve the ethical dilemma regarding the existence and functioning of Tobacco industry without creating an ethical dilemma through the process of resolving it. Business Ethics. Business ethics is a form of applied ethics that identify and solve the ethical and moral issues in the business environment. In the increasingly conscience focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions (known as ethicism) is increasing (wikipedia, 2007). Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, today most major corporations use alternate words such as social responsibility charters, corporate social responsibility etc to highlight the importance of social values and norms. Business ethics has to decide on ethical issues by looking through the lens of the employee, the enterprise or the society as a whole. Ethical dilemma It is the situation in which an issue has two conflicting but arguably valid sides. Ethical dilemmas continue to receive a great deal of attention from philosophers and management experts, who have developed a number of tools to guide managers through sometimes confusing and always difficult decisions regarding ethical dilemmas. However it is important to note that like the problem the methods for resolving this problem are also not absolute and agreed upon. Even the best models rarely lead to a single answer that is absolutely right, just or fair, but they do point the way to answers that seem more right, more just, or more fair than others Hosmer(1988 a). Principles of ethical analysis have their roots in normative philosophy, the study of proper thoughts and conduct, or how people should behave Hosmer(1988 b). Five commonly applied normative approaches are described as under. Deontology. Deontology depends on the intentions of a person making the decision or performing the act. A deontologist would disagree with the emphasis on outcome as the determinant of moral actions because consequences are generally indefinite and uncertain at the time the decision is made. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) provided much of the base for understanding this concept in all eras. Theories of Justice. Theories of justice explain ethical decisions on the basis of fairness and impartiality (Stead et al, 1990). This philosophy stresses social justice. Critics point out that this theory assumes that social cooperation provides the basis for all economic and social benefits, which may or may not be true (Stead et al, 1990). Theories of Rights. Theories of rights as from the name indicate that the most ethical decision will be based on protecting peoples right that might potentially be affected by the decision (Courtland et al, 1992). Theories of rights, unlike theories of justice, depend upon on equal opportunities for choice and exchange, not on equal allocations of wealth and income. As discussed earlier sometimes the conflicting rights become the shortcoming of the application of this theory (Courtland et al, 1992). Social Contract Theories. Social contract theories hold that when individuals become a part of a bigger community such as an organization of a local community then they agree to share the values of that group and also agrees to the means of reaching the agreed upon goals (Thomas, 1991). Critics argue that social contract theories do not give liberty to the individual thinkers who might have a contradicting opinion from their fellow community members (Thomas, 1991). Utilitarian theories. Utilitarian theories support the idea that ethical behavior results in the greatest good for the greatest number. So, according to utilitarian theories, the most ethical decision creates the greatest degree of benefits for the greater number of people while having a potential of inducing comparatively lesser amount of damages or harm (Hitt Columbus, Ohio 1990). Consequentialist moral theories are teleological which means that they aim at some goal state and evaluate the morality of actions in terms of progress toward that state. Tobacco Industry and Business Ethics. This section will outline some historical facts related to tobacco industry and will also highlight how this industry grew from the scratch. This section also includes the description of the functioning of the tobacco industry in terms of business ethics since from the beginning of its origin right up till now. Finally the chapter concludes by briefly stating how it became a part of Muslim and Asian culture. Tobacco Plant. Tobacco is a natively fostered plant of America. Tobacco plant has very small seed such as one ounce approximately contains over three hundred thousand seeds. This plant started being cultivated according to an estimate thousand years B.C. As early as one B.C., Tobacco started being used in various religious activities. Not only religious but also was thought to be of quite a medicinal importance by American Indians. It was basically thought of as pain killer and was also used by quite a number of people as a cure all solution. Discovery of the New World. Christopher Columbus was gifted dried tobacco leaves by the American Indians. As it was brought to Europe it started to be grown all over the Europe. Europeans grew it against a misinformation that tobacco has a healing tendency and that it can cure all the diseases no matter how big or small. According to a book written by a Spanish doctor in 1571 tobacco could cure at least thirty six health problems. Thomas Harriet a Virginian in 1588 invented smoking as he wanted to discover a way that could help take a daily dose of tobacco. Later he died of nose cancer because it was through the nose then that they use to breathe tobacco. In 1610 Sir Francis Bacon realized that trying to quit smoking was really difficult. In 1632 for the first time for moral reasons smoking got prohibited in Massachusetts. Tobacco: A Growth Industry For the first time when tobacco industry got significant industry value was in 1776. In the American Revolutionary War It acted as a security against the loans America borrowed from France. However scientists continued to understand the chemicals in tobacco, as well as the dangers they had. In 1836 tobacco was recognized as a lethal commodity.In 1847, the famous Phillip Morris was established, selling hand rolled Turkish cigarettes. Until 1900 chewing tobacco was the most famous tobacco product however cigarette started becoming famous in 1990s. As the cigarette was gaining popularity so was anti smoking campaigns with the notion of some states in America asking for total ban on tobacco. The demand for cigarettes however kept growing. The Recent trends. In 1980s was the time when legal actions gained their pace against the working of tobacco industry as in 1982 from the Surgeon General reports it was evident that tobacco is injurious to health and by no means its use or sale can be termed legal. It was also known that passive smoking may cause lung cancer. It was in 1990 that smoking got banned in all the flights except for the flight to Alaska and Hawaii. In 1990, Ben Jerrys initiated anti smoking campaigns and terminated business with tobacco industry allies. This lead Tobacco industry to change their strategy in the 80s and 90s and they started marketing their products heavily in developing countries of Asia. The strategy was to acquire market share from the markets with more flexible rules for tobacco business. It has been revealed that tobacco industry has realized all long and is aware of the harmfulness of their products. Knowing this did not stop them from doing and expanding business and they have been justifying this by stating that people make informed choice. This draws our attention on the fact that those who are being blamed need to take measures against this blame. The arrival of Tobacco in the Muslim World. Quite similar to the situation in Europe Tobacco use started by physicians and started to gain popularity through medical manuals and journals in the Middle East by the last years of the sixteenth century (Grehan, 2006). Those responsible for carrying the same message were mostly non Muslims that had contacts with Europe and could easily understand, interpret and translate the work of Europeans for the locals (Gokhale, 2009). There were not any segments of Middle Eastern society that did not contribute to this constantly increasing demand. While investigating tobaccos prevalence in his era, the Damascene jurist Abd al Ghani al Nabulsi confidently declared in 1682, Tobacco has now become extremely famous in all the countries of Islam People of all kinds have used it and devoted themselves to it I have even seen young children of about five years applying themselves to it (Ghauri, Atcha, Shiekh, 2006, p.34). Among these early users were quite a lot of women (Grehan, 2006). As Grehan (2006, p.413) states from the time of its first entry, tobacco would have to rebuff strenuous challenges from political and religious authorities, who in the most critical tests of its appeal would join forces in sporadic anti-smoking campaigns. One widely accepted methodology was to win a debate for proving tobacco as an intoxicant and that it has the same affect on the body as wine therefore strictly forbidden by Islamic law as resourced in Quran and Hadith (Grehan, 2006). Tobacco manufacture in subcontinent started in Akbars reign. But by 1617 its use had become so widespread that Akbars successor Jahangir (1605-1627) issued a verdict forbidding the smoking of tobacco Gokhale (2009). Tobacco Industry of Pakistan. Smoking can be proved as dangerous for peoples health but for the economies such as of Pakistan and other such nations, it is the good news that they will always want to hear. This section intends to highlight the important role tobacco plays in the economics of the country. Tobacco industry contributed 4.4 per cent or over Rs 27.5 billion to the total GDP of Pakistan including Rs 15.17 billion, including Rs 14.54 billion in excise duty and sales tax, in 1997. According to data provided through the internet resources it can be seen that tobacco industry pays six times more taxes than is earned from the cotton industry. This makes the tobacco industry to pay over five percent of all the taxes that are collected by the country. Furthermore over a million people are working as tobacco industry employees. Cultivation area has also increased in the last decade that means increase in business. The figure indicates the increase of thirty percent which is even less than the percentage increase of production i.e. hundred and forty five percent. The only crop of Pakistan whose yield exceeds the world average is also tobacco i.e. its per hectare yield equals that of the US and several other developed countries that makes approximately nineteen hundred kilograms. Tobacco Industry and Ethics. Tobacco Companies cannot be treated like rest of the companies as all their practices and products are not like other companies. Tobacco industry produces the products that are not only legal but at the same time they are also deadly for their consumers. How wondrous is that a product can kill more than half of its regular users? As such, in terms of CSR activities, they cannot simply figure among the ranks of other consumer goods companies. Despite the tobacco industrys thinly-veiled attempts to gain corporate respectability and companies claims to have changed their practices, they keep on adopting unethical strategies to promote their products, expand markets and increase profits (WHO, 2003). Objective of study The research will focus on the Tobacco Industry of Pakistan as the case of Ethical dilemma situation.The research will investigate what ethics do the tobacco industry practice. And can they be termed ethical under Utilitarian school of thought. Utilitarian theory is the world renowned theory to solve various ethical dilemmas in terms of the consequences an activity has. In short the study will be conducted to justify the role of Tobacco Industry in terms of business ethics. Literature review This chapter serves as a backbone of the whole study. This study is deductive in approach so a complete review of the existing literature and schools of thoughts was mandatory to recommend future issues for research. The section starts with defining the core concepts and terminologies followed by how and where these concepts have been used. This section also states why one theory and method has been selected over the others. As the chapter grows there are arguments far and against of the practices of tobacco industry and how they varied in two time zones i.e. from 1980-1999 and from 2000-2007. Business ethics Dilemma: Business ethics adapts its functioning from the methods prescribed by normative believes to resolve the moral issues in businesses. Business ethics studies both profit and non-profit corporations. Existing practices are judged on the basis of what ought to be done in the given situation. One specific feature is vital to the business ethics. Business ethics has to account for strategic concerns. In the business sphere, ethical reflection has to allow for the interest at stake, in order to avoid being so high principled that one disregards all consequences for the corporations future (Peter Pratley 1997). The common opinion seems to be that the term business ethics is not found anywhere in its true spirit. This is thought because ethics and business in soul are different. Where ethics preaches being nice and charitable there business finds its way to satisfy self interests and nasty objectives. Organizations spend a lot of time and effort in implementing new initiatives for profit making and cost cutting however not even half of this commitment of resources can be seen for the implementation of ethical programs. The impression is given that adherence to the ethical code of practice is adequate rather than embracing its true spirit. Ethical considerations have no more value than the choice of plants in the office. The view of Friedman (1976) that the only social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. Other literature has suggested that specialized ethical theories should be applied to business to better understand behavior in the context of the business organization. RobertAllanCooke (2004, p.2-5) evaluates in his study some fundamental fallacies about business ethics and finds that the good ethics is good business should still be termed as true. On the one hand we have the common good for society arising spontaneously from a largely unregulated market of companies pursuing their self interest and on the other hand looking for the benefit for the company that it is standing for. In both cases the benefits are supposedly efficiency and fair distribution. Taken from the level of the corporation this appears to be a real time situation offering a minimum of restriction on market behavior and maximum control over internal affairs (Andrew Bartlett David Preston 2000). We encounter various situations in our life where we have to resolve any dilemma. And Businesses are no exceptions. Businesses and managers have to maximize their profits and optimize their costs in terms of resources and while planning for this all they come across many situations where they have to choose among two choices i.e. termed by economists as opportunity cost. The choices sometimes create an ethical dilemma and the decision in such cases become more complex. With regard to consumers, the example of tobacco is particularly typical to understand. When seen in the through the lens of time it can be observed that in the short term, a need is satisfied on the expense of the long term loss of health of the customers. This has always been the strategy of the tobacco industry to not let their business slow down. While the advertising campaign in the United States was getting pace to encourage adolescents not to smoke, the tobacco companies were making new customers of the same age or teenagers in Asia an Africa by distributing free cigarettes (Levin 1991). Ethical dilemma Theory: Such dilemmas are dealt with ethical theories. One considered under the study is Utilitarian Theory. Utilitarianism is a Western adopted theory that has a history starting from the late 1700s (Harris, 2002; Shanahan Wang, 2003). Harris stated that utilitarianism is one of the most powerful and persuasive traditions of moral thought in our culture (p. 119). Rachels (1998) described utilitarian theory as based in social transformation in human nature and behaviour, and it is that alternative to natural law that encompasses it as well. Along with the applause the utilitarian theory is also criticized by many. As Peter Pratley (1997, p.140) states that it may happen that an option seems to be most profitable for the large majority, while at the same time we feel that it is morally totally improper from the point of view of distributive justice. Whereas most receive a relatively minor benefit, a small number have to cope with outrageous costs. Applying Utilitarian guidelines continually is impossible, even for private corporations with noble humanitarian intentions. Utility asks too much from individual private businesses. If each time decisions were made corporations adopted only the utilitarian most perfect solution, many would have to close down especially if they had to pay for the environmental damage they do. Utilitarian thinking favors bringing about the greatest total amount of good that we can (Harris et al 2000 p. 77). According to a utilitarian, we have, as our most basic obligation, to: produce the greatest good for the greatest number, or Maximize aggregate happiness (these are assumed to be equivalent). Problems for the general utilitarian approach are (Harris et al 2000 pp. 77-78): Utilitarianism is an information-intensive view, since there can be an enormous number of relevant factual issues. Another problem is determining the audience for a decision, which the textbook defines as the population over which the good is to be [ought to be] maximized (p. 78); that is, audience refers to all those whose happiness would be affected by the agents decision. This is problematic because decisions can sometimes affect an enormous number of people (not to mention non-human animals), into the indefinite future. Finally, the utilitarian approach is claimed to neglect considerations of justice, because it ignores the distribution of benefits and harms. Cost Benefit Analysis: How do we decide whether a given action is morally right or wrong? The answer given by cost-benefit analysis that maximizing benefits should be the priority is very similar to the answer sorted out by utilitarian. Economists who do cost-benefit analysis claim that certain non market things are hard to quantify in terms of money value but yet it is exciting and challenging (Steven 1981). Benthams ideal of a precise quantitative method for decision making is most fully realized in cost-benefit analysis. This method differs from Benthams hedonistic calculus primarily in the use of monetary units to express the benefits and drawbacks of various alternatives (Mishan, 1976). Primarily hedons and dolors i.e. positive and negative values were used to calculate utilitarian results. Any project the dollar amount of the benefits exceeds the dollar amount of the damages is worth pursuing, according to cost benefit analysis, and from among different projects. A distinction is mostly made, moreover, between cost-benefit analysis and cost-effective analysis. Cost-effective analysis assumes that there is already some agreed upon end and what is the most efficient means for achieving this end. Cost-benefit analysis, by contrast, is used to select both the means to ends and ends themselves (Baram, 1980). Experts in cost-benefit analysis attempt to overcome the problem of assigning dollar figure to non economic goods with a technique known as shadow pricing. This consists of determining the value reflected by peoples market and non market behavior. According to Macintyre (1977) cost benefit analysis is offered as a method that is itself value-free and applies only the values that people express in the market. Critics charge, however, that the method is heavily value-laden since the values of the analyst cannot be excluded entirely. Cost benefit analysis requires the analyst to determine what constitutes a cost and a benefit. However the defenders of cost-benefit analysis reply that any theory is value laden, and an advantage of cost-benefit analysis that it makes its value commitments explicit, so that they can be flagged and properly taken into account. This view has been supported in the work of Boatright (1997, p.46). A virtue of cost/benefit is that it seeks to lift a murky and endless policy debate out of the realm of ideology or moral preference into a more objective realm of testable factual propositions. The object is to gather the best available evidence of social impacts or costs and then, within a social accounting or utilitarian framework, to compare social prescriptions in terms of their prospects for reducing those costs. Yet, as Alasdair Macintyre has cogently argued, utilitarianism has unavoidable limitations that the cost/benefit specifists seldom take into account. Pragmatists who present cost/benefit analysis as a value-neutral tool, Macintyre argues, often lose sight of the fact that utilitarian tests always presuppose the application of some prior non utilitarian principle which sets limits upon the range of alternatives to be considered.(Macintyre 1977)These inputs into the putatively objective cost/benefit analysis are inherently value-laden. When they are not made explicit and are not subjected to the same rigorous tests applied within the circumscribed framework of the cost/benefit analysis itself, they can compromise the objectivity of the entire enterprise. Criticism has been immense but the allegation to assign monetary value to the non market entities is not only the challenge faced by utilitarian theory but also all other political and ethical theories (Shepley, 2006). Cost-benefit analysis can be thought of as an attempt to operationalize utilitarianism using economic analysis. The textbooks template for applying cost-benefit analysis (Harris et al 2000 p. 79): Assess the available options. Assess the costs and benefits (each measured in monetary terms) of each option for the entire audience of the action, or all of those affected by the decision. Make the decision that is likely to result in the greatest benefit relative to cost; that is, the course of action must not be one in which the cost of implementing the option could produce greater benefit if spent on another option. Problems for cost-benefit analysis are (Harris et al, 2000, pp. 80-81): Considerations of justice in the distribution of benefits and costs are ignored. Can all of the relevant costs and benefits really be adequately represented in monetary terms? What about public (non-market) goods? Can a monetary value be placed on human lives? It has been used in the past to justify morally unacceptable practices like slavery and child labor. McMaken (2001) in his article shows how trustworthy the method is to come up with such sensitive decisions such as government regulations etc. In his article he states, Its the return of cost-benefit analysis. Coast (2004) argues that money represents a passage to consumption so loss of money can represent the worth of things lost and vice versa. The advantage of using money in analysis is that money is very familiar to people and its worth is highly recognized. CBA addresses allocative efficiency which is achieved by minimizing the waste of resources and then to make one person better off without making another loose (Rushby John Cairns, 2006). Tobacco Industry Ethics: 1980-1999: The study is conducted for observing the tobacco Industrys ethical practices for that reason some literature has been explored regarding the desired objective. Tobacco is a major health hazard and an important economic commodity. It is very rational to say that if it would have been useful to use tobacco products then anti tobacco campaigns must not have been accepted so widely. On the other hand, the market for tobacco is so big that these anti tobacco regulations are hard to implement. The management of every joint-stock company is commissioned by the shareholders to achieve the maximum profit on the capital invested and to increase its market share. Consequently, a decrease in tobacco consumption or the number of consumers is not in the interests of the tobacco companies. Their goal is to increase production and consumption. The tobacco companies do not, as a rule, make statements implying that the use of their products can lead to illness or death. They may say that tobacco has been considered to be associated with increased risks. As ethical considerations now are accepted by the tobacco industry itself, an analysis of their practice of autonomy, doing good, justice and doing no harm could be done and analysed (Fagerberg et al, 1990). Now when people make informed choice that is claimed by tobacco industry to be autonomy. When people enjoy the tobacco products and consider them as their need, tobacco industry terms it as doing well to people. Allowing people to make the choices under no authority is doing justice and there is no final medical report for health consequences so that means doing no harm in the eyes of tobacco industry (Tobaks, 1990) All these arguments can be refuted asserting non-profitable motives in the service of humanity, and with the guiding principle of ethical responsibility formulated by the philosopher Hans Jonas in (1984). Thus the tobacco companies can be accused of misusing the word autonomy as they overlook the fact of chemical dependency on tobacco. Also, the long-term effects are so immense that it is difficult to defend short-term motives of both consumers and the industry. The arguments for justice and doing no harm are counteracted by the knowledge that use of tobacco leads to lesions, sometimes direct mortal lesions, and by the circumstances that general knowledge based on facts can hardly be achieved to a sufficient degree in a whole population. To sum up, it is insane for the tobacco companies to find moral defenses for their misconduct. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence against cigarettes, the tobacco industry continues to debate over the controversial results of different scientists for proving or disproving smoking as an important cause of deaths by various diseases (R